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El Finalismo

Como criterio o corriente procesal para ubicar la culpabilidad del sujeto y la consecuente imposición de la pena, parte de la Teoría del jurista alemán Hans Welzel quien en el año de 1930 realiza una crítica del sistema causalista diciendo que el ubicar la acción en forma causal es una forma ciega de observar el delito aduciendo que es una forma ciega por que el causalismo se reduce a causa-efecto sin tener en cuenta la finalidad de la acción. En el año de 1931 Hans Welzel estableció que el delito parte de una acción pero tiene una finalidad o un fin, es decir el delito basa su creación en una relación ético-social en donde en primer plano se encuentra la culpabilidad como elemento del delito, debiéndose medir y tomar en cuenta la peligrosidad del individuo en relación a su culpabilidad de ahí que la teoría finalista hace un análisis de la culpabilidad del delincuente tomando en cuenta el fin o fines de la acción del delincuente; ésta ideología recibe el nombre de finalista por que atiende principalmente al estudio técnicojurídico sobre la finalidad del delincuente para cometer el delito. Esta teoría, en cuya ideología intervinieron juristas como Hellmuth Von Weber, Alexander Graf Zu Dohna Hellmut Mayer, revolucionó el pensamiento penal de la época siguiendo la idea varios juristas como Nicolai Hartmann y Richard Konnigsberg. Hans Welzel en base a ésta teoría saca de la culpabilidad el elemento de la forma (2° elemento) que representa al dolo y la culpa, trasladándolo a la acción como consecuencia natural y, toda vez que en ésta teoría la acción pertenece al tipo, tanto el dolo y la culpa se deberán tomar en cuenta al estudiar la conducta y el tipo, no obstante que el causalismo consideraba al dolo como elemento de la culpabilidad. Esta escuela basó su ideología principalmente en la psicología y la fenomenología como elementos preponderantes en el actuar humano. Esta escuela, que para los doctrinarios y estudiosos de la Teoría del Delito se ha dividido en finalismo ortodoxo, finalismo radical, finalismo formal, finalismo material y finalismo valorativo, tuvo su total desarrollo en Alemania desde el año 1930 hasta el año 1970, habiendo sido interrumpido su camino entre los años 1933 y 1945 aproximadamente por haber imperado en esos años en Alemania otra escuela llamada del “Irracionalismo Jurídico” o de la “Escuela de Kiel” sustentada por juristas como Georg Dahm, Friedrich Schaffstein y Edmundo Mezger. La teoría finalista expone dos diferentes fases en su estudio aduciendo que para que un individuo pueda ser castigado en base a su demostrada culpabilidad deben de tomarse en cuenta diversos aspectos tanto internos como externos de la conducta del individuo. Para la teoría finalista es esencial el estudio minucioso de cada uno de los elementos integrantes del tipo como lo son:

a) Los elementos Objetivos.

b) Los elementos Subjetivos.

c) Los elementos normativos.

Basando lo anterior en la teoría alemana de la Tipicidad iniciada en el año de 1906 por el jurista alemán Ernst Von Beling, la teoría finalista señaló que sobre todo estudio de la culpabilidad deberán analizarse dos fases en la conducta del hombre que son: la fase externa y la fase interna.

Conducta.

Fase Interna Fase Externa

- Objetivos y propósitos -Ejecución de los medios

- Medios Empleados -Resultado previsto

- Posibles consecuencias -Nexo causal.

Por otro lado la escuela Finalista funda su razón de ser en la subjetividad del acto y que corresponde a la fase interna (el pensamiento del individuo), analizando los motivos y finalidades del delincuente para poder deducir de ahí la culpabilidad del sujeto en base a la realización de un hecho. Por tal motivo ésta escuela se basa totalmente en la teoría del Tipo y sus elementos como condición para que pueda establecerse la culpabilidad; esto es, que ésta teoría exige el estudio dogmático-jurídico de cada uno de los elementos del tipo analizados en la relación del hecho delictivo en particular para poder establecer la culpabilidad sobre una persona. Haciendo una comparación entre la escuela Causalista y Finalista

Para el Finalismo es necesario además de tenerse por comprobado el elemento objetivo el tipo, que se tengan comprobados también los elementos normativos y subjetivos como por ejemplo todos aquellos hechos que se encuentran vinculados a la antijuridicidad. Que deberán ser valorados en base a las características del hecho delictivo, así como de aquellos supuestos que hacen determinar la voluntad del sujeto activo para actuar con intención, dolo o culpa. Lo que da como consecuencia que ésta escuela finalista funda su razón de ser en la subjetividad del acto analizando los motivos y finalidad en el actuar del delincuente para poder deducir de ahí la culpabilidad sobre la persona. En consecuencia, y por los motivos antes expuestos, ésta escuela se basa totalmente en la teoría del Tipo y sus elementos como condición para que pueda establecerse la Culpabilidad, ésta teoría exige el estudio dogmático jurídico de cada uno de los elementos del Tipo analizados en relación al hecho delictivo en particular para poder establecer Culpabilidad. En México en la década de los años ochenta, derivado de la teoría del tipo y la corriente finalista se elabora una doctrina nueva acerca del tipo penal por investigadores y juristas de la UNAM con auxilio de la lógica-matemática. Esta teoría fue realizada por la Dra. Olga Islas y el maestro Elpidio Ramírez con la ayuda de un jurista argentino de nombre Ernesto Raúl Zaffaroni y la valiosa ayuda de un matemático de nombre Lian Karp. Ésta teoría inclusive fue expuesta en Alemania y en su momento aceptada, y se basó en una fórmula matemática, específicamente de álgebra en donde cada uno de los factores representaba diferentes aspectos sobre los elementos del tipo los que sumados todos dan un resultado de culpabilidad. Con ésta doctrina se intentó apoyar al finalismo siendo conocida como el “modelo lógico matemático”.



Hans Welzel

68 comentarios:

Anónimo dijo...

buena informacion

Unknown dijo...

gracias de nuevo

Anónimo dijo...

Una síntesis muy acertada para la comprensión de esta teoría que actualmente constituye tendencia en las legislaciones latinoamericanas.

Carlos Figueroa dijo...

Buen artículo. Ecuador sigue la corriente causalista que de manera breve y precisa describe el autor, sin embargo en nuestro Código Orgánico Integral Penal se evade un enfoque directo del error de tipo y error de prohibición, aun cuando mantiene un articulado referido a la tipicidad, antijuridicidad y culpabilidad.

Carlos Figueroa dijo...

Disculpas, por error dije en el artículo anterior corriente causalista, cuando lo correcto es "finalista", que es la corriente ecuatoriana.

Unknown dijo...

exelnte

horacio dijo...

Tuve la suerte de poder estudiar en la Facultad Catolica de La Plata ( Derecho ) en la Catedra que daba en esa epoca el Dr Eugenio Zaffaroni...realmente me impresiono su lucidez y claridad de pensamiento al exponer su teoria del Finalismo...Muy bueno el articulo publicado sobre el Finalismo...

horacio dijo...

Tuve la suerte de poder estudiar en la Facultad Catolica de La Plata ( Derecho ) en la Catedra que daba en esa epoca el Dr Eugenio Zaffaroni...realmente me impresiono su lucidez y claridad de pensamiento al exponer su teoria del Finalismo...Muy bueno el articulo publicado sobre el Finalismo...

Unknown dijo...

El conector correcto es "con base" no "en base, lo usa en todo el texto y es incorrecto.

Anónimo dijo...

Tuviste la "suerte"? Vos sos un pelotudo... Anda a cursar Penal de vuelta, porque ese viejo trolo y proxeneta no te enseñó una mierda.

Unknown dijo...

MUY BUENO

Unknown dijo...

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Jesús Rodríguez Merentes dijo...

Si en ecuador se sigue la corriente causalista se hace evidente la evasión del enfoque de los errores de tipo y de prohibición, pues estos fueron expuestos por la corriente finalista.

Jesús Rodríguez Merentes dijo...

La teoría general del delito y más precissmprec la escuela finalista es fácil de comprender si tenemos clcla que la discusión entre causalistas y finalistas no fue precisamente el concepto de accion sino labubicacion sistemática del dolo. En efecto está escuela extrajo el dolo de la culpabilidad trasladandolo a la acción. El análisis parte de este elemento, verificando que en este no exista causas que excluyan la acción (movimientos reflejos, fuerza física irresistible etc) verificada la existencia de una accion orientada a un fin se pasa a analizar la tipicidad y aquí igualmente se comprueba si se acredita los elementos objetivos del tipo (se den las condiciones de sujeto activo, verbo rector, sujeto pasivo) elementos subjetivos del tipo (intencionalidad, diferente al dolo) y los elementos normativos. Una vez verificada la tipicidad se pasa a analizar la antijuridicidad (que no exista una causa de justificacion, ejemplo legítima defensa o estado de necesidad). Verificado estos elementos, .Pasamos a la culpabilidad, que consiste en el juicio de reproche, es decir, que dicha conducta se pueda reprochar al sujeto activo, pues este pudo actuar de otra manera y sin embargo no lo hizo. Claro esta, también habrá que analizar si existen errores de tipo (vencible o invencible) y error de prohibición directo o indirecto

Unknown dijo...

excelente doctrina para aplicarlo en mi obra Los "delitos de tránsito"

Unknown dijo...

muy buen articulo detalla tacitamente los elementos de la culpabilidad

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Unknown dijo...

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